Tissue-based characterization of T cell exhaustion in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer using multiplex IHC

Multiplex IHC is used to characterize T-cell exhaustion in Crohn’s disease and colorectal cancer by comparing PD-1/PD-L1 expression across phagocytes, epithelial cells, and CD3⁺/CD8⁺ T-cell subsets. The analysis highlights distinct exhaustion patterns and spatial relationships that aren’t visible with conventional IHC.